February 1
Langston Hughes
On this day in 1901, Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Mo. (Research belatedly found in 2018 that Hughes, who had claimed to be born in 1902, had shaved a year off of his age.) For four decades he chronicled the black experience and perspective in powerful poetry, fiction, nonfiction and children’s books. The Nation magazine published his influential essay “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain” (1926), in which Hughes advocated racial pride and independent artistry, giving the Harlem Renaissance its due. He enrolled at Columbia University and finished his degree at Lincoln University in Oxford, Pa., in 1926.
His first book of poetry was The Weary Blues, his first novel was Not Without Laughter (1930) and his first book of short stories was The Ways of White Folks. His play Mulatto (1935) ran successfully on Broadway. His autobiography, The Big Sea, came out in 1940, followed in 1956 by I Wonder As I Wander. Among his many other books was Jim Crow’s Last Stand (1943).
Hughes’ satire on corruption in black storefront churches, Tambourines to Glory (1963), was not popular with black clergy. Hughes, who traveled widely all his life, had visited the Soviet Union and was forced to appear before a congressional committee in 1953 duing the “Red scare.” He wrote a column for 20 years for the Chicago Defender.
Hughes had a complicated relationship with religion, according to Wallace Best, author of Langston’s Salvation: American Religion and the Bard of Harlem (2017). Hughes strongly disagreed with characterizations of him as anti-religious or atheist while reserving the right to criticize dogma and the Christian church. Best called him a “thinker about religion.”
He never married and was generally seen by contemporaries and later by scholars and critics as gay or perhaps asexual. He died in New York City at age 66 from complications after abdominal surgery related to prostate cancer. (D. 1967)
PHOTO: Hughes photographed by Gordon Parks in 1943.
Listen, Christ,
— from Hughes' poem "Goodbye Christ" (1932)
You did alright in your day, I reckon—
But that day’s gone now.
They ghosted you up a swell story, too,
Called it Bible—
But it’s dead now.
The popes and the preachers’ve
Made too much money from it.
They’ve sold you to too many.
photo: Hughes photographed by Gordon Parks in 1943
© Freedom From Religion Foundation. All rights reserved.
Barry Duke
On this date in 1947, journalist/editor and gay rights activist Barry Duke was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, the eldest child of middle-class parents Sybil and Abe Duke. He grew up in two small towns, and from an early age showed “a strong antipathy toward religion, especially the Calvinist form of Christianity that was used to justify the country’s horrific persecution of people of color during the Apartheid era,” Duke commented in 2022.
He was expelled from the first high school he attended for condemning racial injustices, refusing to sing the national anthem and for sharing anti-religious publications with classmates. He started working as a newspaper journalist in his late teens and several years later landed a job with The Star, a leading daily.
Duke’s left-leaning, anti-Apartheid activism, coupled with censorship battles, led to him being declared a “dangerous undesirable.” Alerted that an arrest warrant was being issued, he left South Africa in 1973 for the UK, where he was granted asylum. A militant atheist, he joined the National Secular Society and was a co-founder in 1979 of the Gay Humanist Group, which changed its name to the Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association in 1987.
He started writing in 1974 for The Freethinker, the venerable publication founded by G.W. Foote in 1881, and rose to editor in 1997. He held the position until January 2022, when differences with the editorial board led to his departure. He continued his decade-long writing and editing association with the Pink Humanist and started writing on OnlySky, a secular platform that launched in 2020.
In 2017 Duke was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Secular Society for his “spirited opposition to religious intolerance and irrationality.” He married Marcus Robinson, his longtime partner, in 2017 in Gibraltar and they live in Benidorm, a town along Spain’s seaside Costa Blanca.
“Since [1950s John Birch Society claims], War on Christmas reports have simply become a silly festive season tradition, generating more mirth than fury. All are intended to reinforce the belief of Christian fundamentalists that they really are being persecuted by a coalition of atheists, secularists, freethinkers, abortionists – and those who identify as LGBTQ. Seriously!”
— "And so it begins … the ‘war’ on Christmas 2021" (The Freethinker, Nov. 25, 2021)
Compiled by Bill Dunn
© Freedom From Religion Foundation. All rights reserved.
Terry Jones
On this date in 1942, comedian, writer and director Terence Graham Parry Jones was born in Colwyn Bay, Wales. He graduated with a degree in modern history from St. Edmund Hall, Oxford. His first successful TV show, in which he paired up with Michael Palin, was “The Love Show” (1965). Jones became part of the classic comedy TV show “Monty Python’s Flying Circus” (1969-74) with Palin, Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam and Eric Idle.
Jones’ irreverent credits include writing and directing the films “Monty Python and the Quest for the Holy Grail” (1975), “Life of Brian” (1979) and “The Meaning of Life” (1983). He has written several books and screenplays, including comic works and more serious writing on medieval history. His first book was Chaucer’s Knight: The Portrait of a Medieval Mercenary (1980), an alternative take on Geoffrey Chaucer’s “The Knight’s Tale.” Jones asserted that instead of a paragon of Christian virture, the knight can be interpreted as a typical mercenary and potentially cold-blooded killer.
He married Alison Telfer in 1970. They had two children before divorcing in 2012. They had long had an open marriage. Jones had a daughter, Siri, in 2009 with Anna Söderström, 41 years his junior. They married in 2012.
In 2015 he was diagnosed with primary progressive aphasia, a form of dementia that impairs the ability to speak and communicate. By September 2016 he was no longer able to give interviews. In 2017 Palin revealed that Jones was no longer able to speak. He died 11 days short of his 78th birthday at his London home. (D. 2020)
There are Jews in the world, there are Buddhists,
There are Hindus and Mormons and then
There are those that follow Mohammed, but
I’ve never been one of them.I’m a Roman Catholic,
And have been since before I was born,
And the one thing they say about Catholics is
They’ll take you as soon as you’re warm.You don’t have to be a six footer,
You don’t have to have a great brain,
You don’t have to have any clothes on,
You’re a Catholic the moment Dad came, becauseEvery sperm is sacred,
Every sperm is great,
If a sperm is wasted,
God gets quite irate.Every sperm is sacred,
Every sperm is great,
If a sperm is wasted,
God gets quite irate.Let the heathen spill theirs,
On the dusty ground,
God shall make them pay for
Each sperm that can’t be found.Every sperm is wanted,
Every sperm is good,
Every sperm is needed,
In your neighborhood.Hindu, Taoist, Mormon,
Spill theirs just anywhere,
But God loves those who treat their
Semen with more care.Every sperm is sacred,
Every sperm is great,
If a sperm is wasted,
God gets quite irate.Every sperm is sacred,
Every sperm is good,
Every sperm is needed,
In your neighborhood.Every sperm is useful,
Every sperm is fine,
God needs everybody’s,
Mine, and mine, and mine.Let the pagans spill theirs,
O’er mountain, hill and plain.
God shall strike them down for
Each sperm that’s spilt in vain.Every sperm is sacred,
Every sperm is good,
Every sperm is needed,
In your neighborhood.Every sperm is sacred,
—
Every sperm is great,
If a sperm is wasted,
God gets quite irate."Every Sperm is Sacred," song and words by Michael Palin and Terry Jones (1983)
Compiled by Annie Laurie Gaylor; photo by Helga Esteb, Shutterstock.com
© Freedom From Religion Foundation. All rights reserved.
Yevgeny Zamyatin
On this date in 1884 (Jan. 20, Julian calendar), Russian author and dissident Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin was born in Lebedyan, about 200 miles south of Moscow, to Maria (née Platonova) and Ivan Dmitrievich Zamyatin. His father was a Russian Orthodox priest, allowed to marry, and a schoolmaster.
In a 1922 essay, Zamyatin recalled his childhood and reading by the age of 4: “You will see a very lonely child, without companions of his own age, on his stomach, over a book, or under the piano, on which his mother is playing Chopin. … My childhood was spent almost without friends. My friends were books.” (A Soviet Heretic: Essays by Yevgeny Zamyatin, ed. Mirra Ginsburg, 1970)
In 1902 he enrolled at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute to study naval engineering, then lost his Christian faith and joined the Bolsheviks to take part in the failed revolution against the tsar in 1905. Exiled to the hinterlands, he later returned secretly to St. Petersburg, only to be arrested and deported again in 1911. Amnesty followed in 1913. Along with his political activities, Zamyatin began to write. The journal that published his novella “At the End of the World” was impounded and he was tried and acquitted of maligning the military.
He finished his studies and worked for the Imperial Navy, moving to England in 1916 to supervise construction by British firms of Russian icebreakers. After the communist revolution of 1917 he returned to Russia, working with Maxim Gorky and others on translations of such writers as O. Henry, H.G. Wells and Jack London. He published “The Fires of St. Dominic” about the Spanish Inquisition.
Biographer Alex M. Shane wrote that Zamyatin displayed “a far-ranging grasp of Wells’ entire literary output and of the utopian literary tradition in general. … Zamyatin also expressed his faith in brotherly love, in a humanism that would establish universal peace among men (hence the warmth of his appreciation of Wellsian humanism).” (Introduction to “A Soviet Heretic”)
Wells’ work inspired him to write the novel “We” in 1920-21. Regarded by some as the first anti-utopian novel, it satirized life in a future collectivist state. It “deeply influenced” novels about the future such as “Brave New World” by Aldous Huxley, “Nineteen Eighty-Four” by George Orwell and “Fahrenheit 451” by Ray Bradbury. Not until 1988 was it allowed to be published in the Soviet Union.
Orwell, reviewing “We” for Tribune magazine in 1946, three years before he published “Nineteen Eighty-Four,” wrote: “It is in effect a study of the Machine, the genie that man has thoughtlessly let out of its bottle and cannot put back again. This is a book to look out for when an English version appears.”
“The best single work of science fiction yet written,” judged Ursula K. Le Guin in a blurb for an Uproar Books Classics reprint of “We” in 2020.
After a Russian émigré journal published “We” in 1927, Zamyatin’s work was banned and life in his homeland became untenable. Josef Stalin gave him permission in 1931, perhaps convinced by Gorky’s entreaties, to let Zamyatin emigrate.
Biographer Ginsburg wrote that his “last years in Paris were years of great material hardship and loneliness. As Remizov wrote, ‘He came with sealed lips and a sealed heart.’ He found little in common with most of the emigrés who had left Russia a decade earlier.”
After his death of a heart attack at age 53 in 1937, his wife, Lyudmila Usova, who had worked as a midwife and his secretary, became his literary executor. She lived until 1965 and was buried alongside him in Paris.
“The world is kept alive only by heretics: the heretic Christ, the heretic Copernicus, the heretic Tolstoy,” Zamyatin wrote in “Tomorrow” (1919). “Our symbol of faith is heresy.” (D. 1937)
“The Diogenes lamp of skepticism was lit for me at the age of twelve. It was lit by a strapping second-grader. The shiner — blue, violet, and red — burned under my left eye for two whole weeks. I prayed for a miracle, I prayed for it to disappear. The miracle did not take place. I began to wonder.”
— "A Soviet Heretic: Essays by Yevgeny Zamyatin," ed. Mirra Ginsburg (1970)
Compiled by Bill Dunn
© Freedom From Religion Foundation. All rights reserved.
